Down to Earth Carbon and other Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector organizations will share insights into how essential the level of I.P. and smallholder ownership and leadership of buffer-zone agroforestry restoration and value add is to achieving equitable and permanent REDD+ emission reductions. Major governance challenges at all levels and lack of recognition of IP rights and title and smallholder land tenure are the key limiting factors that absolutely need to be addressed. FPIC (free prior and informed consent) is not enough. IPs and smallholder cooperatives need to be able to strengthen themselves so they can `drive the bus'  on their own pathway to resilience.  A critical threshold of unity between these key stakeholder groups also needs to be established. When these critical enabling conditions are in place, then REDD+ can become a major CC mitigation and adaptation tool.

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